Author: Valentin Figueroa

By Valentin Figueroa and Guadalupe Tuñón According to the US Department of Justice, the rate of imprisonment of African Americans was 938 per 100,000 persons in 2020—five times higher than the rate for whites. The mass incarceration of Black Americans has led activists and scholars to denounce the prison system as “slavery by another name” or … Continue reading The Differential Incarceration of the Emancipated and the Enslaved

Most state employees, like police officers, are rewarded with salaries, offered a career ladder of graded appointments with progressively higher remuneration, and follow standardized guidelines while being monitored by other employees above them in the public sector hierarchy. But there are exceptions to this. Sometimes states do not directly hire and monitor employees and instead … Continue reading The Protestant Road to Bureaucracy